A reliable grid is important for quality of life and can help prevent significant economic losses resulting from power disruptions, especially as electricity use becomes more widespread. In recent years the electricity grid has evolved
INTRODUCTION. Conventional power grids are dominated by small numbers of centrally located, high-output generators. However, many countries are experiencing a rapid shift toward renewable generation. For
options have been proposed to increase the flexibility of a power grid, which fall into two categories: physical flexibility and institutional measures. For instance, more flexibility can
Power system reliability studies usually focus on one of the following functional zones in the system: Generation system, Transmission system, Distribution system, Interconnected system
From a general perspective, an electric power system is usually understood as a very large network that links power plants (large or small) to loads, by means of an electric grid that may span a whole continent, such as
In April 2021,China Southern Power Grid issued the “Digital Power Grid White Paper”, advocating for the digital grid as the optimal framework for accommodating the new type of power system.
Moreover, it brings new challenges from the stability, reliability, and protection point of view [2, 3]. In this way, grid codes have been updated for power systems with a high penetration of PE-based generation to ensure that the system is reliable and well-protected for different system conditions [4 - 7].
The first generations of PE-based energy sources, also known as IBGs, were designed to produce or track maximum output power. To do this, the grid-following (GFL) control concept is typically used .
Another important requirement of power grids is to maintain stable operation despite fluctuations in frequency, voltage, and demand. In electrical engineering, this is often investigated using transient stability analysis ( 14 ).
Tables 8 and 9 report the robustness test results which show that intelligence has a significant contribution to the green development of grid projects under the linear model, which verifies that the results are robust.
When the penetration of IBGs is increasing in power systems, new stability, protection, and monitoring challenges are introduced in the grid. Grid-forming (GFM) control of converters is seen as a promising solution for future power grids to overcome particular stability challenges.
